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Synthesis of Mineral Oils by Oligomeration of 1-alkenes
Porubský, Tomáš ; Kučera, František (referee) ; Petrůj, Jaroslav (advisor)
The theoretical part presents a summary of existing information and procedures for the oligomerization of 1 alkenes. It also introduces suggestion of the new method for preparing poly(1-hexene) by controlled or living polymerization with nitroxyl radicals. In the experimental part was synthesized oligomer of 1-hexene with DBP or AIBN radical initiators and coordination Ziegler-Natta catalysts, which consisted of TiCl4 and organometallic compounds TIBA or TNHA. GC/MS analysis of the radical polymerization reaction mixture, showed no oligomer formation even after 6 hours. Effect of Ti/Al ratio, temperature and type of organoaluminium compund on conversion and molecular weight were investigated. Reaction products were analyzed by 1H NMR and GC/MS spectrometry. Results showed that the obtained oligomer was a mixture of oligomers with a degree of polymerization 2-9 and average molecular weight of 220-270 g/mol. Monomer conversion reached values of 72 98 %.
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Printed light dosimeter for galleries
Škarvadová, Adéla ; Klusoň, Petr (referee) ; Veselý, Michal (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the lighting of the gallery space and the measurement of light intensity inside. The subject of the experimental study are photosensitive composition for the production of disposable printed and thin-film dosimeters for galleries and museums. Kinetic color change of the two systems using two dyes and calibration components was examined. The composition for printing was optimized and dosimeters were prepared with a wide range of light exposure causing a significant color change of the dosimeter, and that from 1,7 klx•h to 200 klx•h.
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Humic substances as transport medium for plant nutrition
Vlková, Markéta ; Solná, Irena (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This bachelor thesis treats about humic matters and their application in agriculture by means of hydrogels transport medium. It studies progressive releasing of substances, which could be used as more common nutrition for plants, prepared from superabsorbent polymers. Research was implemented in collaboration with industrial partners. The substances are synthetically made of sodium Lignohumate and mixture of industrial fertilizer called NPK. Released substances were characterized by using some methods. First, there were measured qualities, which didn’t specify released compounds, like swelling, conductivity, pH and absorption of hydrogels with different wavelengths. More details came with methods ICP-OES and ion chromatography. Hydrogels which contained both mixtures of matters written up, were studied in water solution for 5 weeks and every week all characterization were measured. From the results we can see that both of the mixtures decrease ability of hydrogel’s swelling, mainly NPK. Measuring of absorption showed that the most of the substances released from sodium Lignohumate were from hydrogels without NPK. By other measuring, we noticed realizing of potassium and phosphorus elements. The most of them were from hydrogels containing NPK. By measuring ion chromatography, we found chloride, phosphoric, sulfuric and nitric ions in solution.
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Kinetics of photochromic reactions in thin polymeric layers
Zeman, Vojtěch ; Weiter, Martin (referee) ; Vala, Martin (advisor)
The thesis is aimed to the study of spiropyrane behavior in polymeric matrix of poly(N-vinylkarbazole) (PVK) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(3´,7´-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-fenylenvinylene)] (MDMO-PPV). The photochromic transformation of spiropyrane to its isomeric merocyanine form (SPMC) was studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy. It was found, that photochromic reaction is markedly dependent on the environment. In the PVK polymer, which don’t absorb in the visible region, a high yield of photochromic reaction was achieved. Both, absorption and emission spectrums were observed for this system. From the measurement of time dependencies of the fotochromic reaction, the activation energy of the reverse reaction was determined. A different behavior, particularly in emissive spectrums, was found for the MDMO-PPV polymer doped with spiropyrane. Instead of formation of new band of merocyanine, decrease of the polymer fluorescence was observed. Subsequently, we studied the interaction between the polymeric matrix and the photochromic spiropyrane using fluorescence quenching method. On the basis of energy transfer theory, a critical radius of the fluorescence quenching sphere in solution and in solid was determined.
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Physics Simulation on GPU
Janošík, Ondřej ; Zemčík, Pavel (referee) ; Polok, Lukáš (advisor)
This thesis addresses the issue of rigid body simulation and possibilities of paralellization using GPU. It describes the basics necessary for implementation of basic physics engine for blocks and technologies which can be used for acceleration. In my thesis, I describe approach which allowed me to gradually accellerate physics simulation using OpenCL. Each significant change is described in its own section and includes measurement results with short summary.
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Catalytic oxidation of VOC on commercially available catalysts
Osička, Tomáš ; Jecha, David (referee) ; Brummer, Vladimír (advisor)
The main topic of this thesis is a catalytic oxidation which belongs to a group of modern technologies for removing emission of CO and VOC from waste air. In the introduction of this thesis, the basic concepts are defined. Further the legislative requirements associated with VOC emissions, emission limits and conditions are summarized. Described destructive and non-destructive methods for removing VOCs from waste gases are also briefly described. Increased attention is paid to the catalytic oxidation as the main theme of the thesis. It was searched for industrial applications where the catalytic oxidation is used. Another chapter is devoted to the theoretical analysis of kinetics of catalytic oxidation reactions. Firstly, the basic types of reactors are described and also material balance and reaction rate for the isothermal and adiabatic reactor. In the experimental part results of performed kinetic measurements on a pilot unit for catalytic commonly used organic solvents (VOCs) using commercially available catalysts were summarized. Pre-exponential factors and activation energies for sprinkling catalysts EnviCat VOC-5565 and EnviCat 55068 for substances ethanol, toluene and acetone were determined. "Light-off" curves for these substances and methane were measured and on sprinkled catalyst EnviCat 55068 and on monolithic catalyst Purelyst PH-304.
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Kinetics of the Coordination Polymerization of -olefins Catalyzed by Nickel Diimine Complexes
Peleška, Jan ; Kratochvíla, Jan (referee) ; Pinkas,, Jiří (referee) ; Petrůj, Jaroslav (referee) ; Cihlář, Jaroslav (advisor)
This Ph.D. thesis is focused on kinetic study of propene and hex-1-ene coordination polymerizations initiated by complex [(2-tBuC6H4)N=C(1,8-naphtalenediyl)C=N(2-tBuC6H4)]NiBr2 activated by simple organoaluminium compounds and on product properties. In first three parts proper activators are chosen in model polymerizations. The attention is paid to the reproducibility of polymerizations and analytical methods. The fourth part is focused on propene polymerization kinetics with the aim to define optimal reaction conditions, especially polymerization temperature and time. The four part concerns also properties of polymers. The fifth and sixth parts deal with hex-1-ene polymerization kinetics conducted at various activator/initiator molar ratios and various catalytic precursor concentrations, to find out kinetic orders with respect to catalyst and cocatalyst concentration. Last part is oriented on detail mechanistic investigation of nickel diimine complexes activation process. Results of measurements in presence or absence of monomer enabled to propose new interpretation of UV-vis spectra based on concrete structures of absorbing species.
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Automated measurement system for ethene polymerization
Janošík, Zdeněk ; Richtera, Lukáš (referee) ; Přikryl, Radek (advisor)
Thanks to macromolecular chemistry development polymers become essential materials for wide range of applications. Research of catalytic systems used for production of polymers plays a key role in development of new polymer-based materials. The aim of this work was to develop system providing automated kinetic measurement of catalytic systems used in ethylene solution polymerization. The theoretical part of the thesis provides basic overview on chemical process taking part in ethylene polymerization and technical instruments used for its automation. Description of the devised system, its technical solutions and performed experiments used for verification its proper function are presented in the experimental part. Acquired data were compared with published results obtained with the same catalytic systems. Texts are accompanied by schemes, screenshots and photos.
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Molecular self-assembly on surfaces: the role of coverage, surface orientation and kinetics
Makoveev, Anton Olegovich ; Lackinger, Markus (referee) ; Casu, Benedetta (referee) ; Čechal, Jan (advisor)
Molekulární samouspořádávání je sofistikovaný přírodní jev založený na principech supramolekulární chemie. Není divu, že byl využit ke konstrukci molekulárních systémů na površích. Ačkoli je oblast molekulární samouspořádávání na površích poměrně vyspělá, stále ještě chybí ucelené systematické poznatky zahrnující např. univerzální parametrické modely. V této souvislosti předkládáme práci, jejímž cílem je objasnit závislost molekulárního samouspořádávání na površích na vnějších parametrech. Nejprve se zabýváme vlivem difuzně omezených podmínek. Za tímto účelem bylo zkoumáno samouspořádávání kyseliny 4,4'-bifenyldikarboxylové (BDA) na Ag(001) při úplném pokrytí monovrstvou a porovnáno se samouspořádávání při submonovrstevném pokrytí. Dále diskutujeme roli orientace povrchu. Za tímto účelem je předložena srovnávací studie samouspořádávání BDA na Ag(001) a Ag(001). Nakonec se zabýváme kinetikou procesu na povrchu a tím, jak ji lze ovlivnit netermální aktivací. Toto je demonstrováno na studiu kinetiky deprotonační reakce BDA vyvolané nízkoenergetickým elektronovým svazkem. Věříme, že naše práce přináší nové poznatky do systematického obrazu samouspořádávání molekul na površích a je tak významným krokem k vývoji ucelených parametrických modelů.
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